Artist Robert Indiana Facts and Biography

Robert Indiana, an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker, is frequently associated with Pop Art, though he has said he prefers calling himself a sign painter. Indiana is most famous for his Love sculpture series, which can be seen in more than 30 locations around the world. The original Love sculpture is located at the Indianapolis Museum of Art. Early Life Indiana was born Robert Earl Clark on September 13, 1928, in New Castle, Indiana. He once referred to Robert Indiana as his nom de brush, and said it was the only name by which he cared to go. The adopted name suits him, as his tumultuous childhood was spent moving frequently. Indiana says he lived in more than 20 different homes within the Hoosier State before the age of 17. He also served in the United States Army for three years, before attending the Art Institute of Chicago, the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture and Edinburgh College of Art. Indiana moved to New York in 1956 and quickly earned a name for himself with his hard-edge painting style and sculptural assemblages and became an early leader in the Pop Art movement. His Art Best known for sign-like paintings and sculpture, Robert Indiana worked with many numbers and short words in his work, including EAT, HUG, and LOVE. In 1964, he created a 20-foot EAT sign for the New York World’s Fair that was made of flashing lights. In 1966, he began experimenting with the word LOVE and the image of the letters arranged in a square, with LO and VE on top of each other, with O tilted on its side was soon featured in many paintings and sculptures that can still be seen today around the world. The first Love sculpture was made for the Indianapolis Museum of Art in 1970. The 1973 Love stamp was one of the most widely distributed Pop Art images ever (300 million were issued), but his subject matter is drawn from decidedly un-Pop American literature and poetry. In addition to the sign-like paintings and sculpture, Indiana has also done figurative painting, written poetry and collaborated on the film EAT with Andy Warhol. He reintroduced the iconic Love image, replacing it with the word HOPE, raising more than $1,000,000 for Barack Obamas 2008 presidential campaign. Important Works The Calumet, 1961Figure 5, 1963The Confederacy: Alabama, 1965LOVE series, 1966The Seventh American Dream, 1998 Sources and Further Reading Hobbs, Robert. Robert Indiana. Rizzoli International Publications; January 2005.Indiana, Robert. Love and the American Dream: The Art of Robert Indiana. Portland Museum of Art; 1999.Kernan, Nathan. Robert Indiana. Assouline; 2004.Robert Indiana. Prints: A Catalogue Raisonne 1951-1991. Susan Sheehan Gallery; 1992.Ryan, Susan Elizabeth; Indiana, Robert. Robert Indiana: Figures of Speech. Yale University Press; 2000.Weinhardt, Carl J. Robert Indiana. Harry N Abrams; 1990.​

Carol Karlsen s The Devil - 1692 Words

Name Class Professor June 22, 2015 Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was written to provide the reader with an understanding of the role of the â€Å"witch† in colonial New England. During the early colonial period, pilgrims lived in a male-dominated society and the classical witch hunts were conducted in an attempt to maintain this societal structure. Since these hunts were placed under a religious guise, it was simple for these individuals to act as if they were maintaining the safety and justice of society. Karlsen explains that in many instances, women who were labelled as witches were often females that had managed to acquire great economic and social status and society. In fear of these women, the neighborhood targeted them and called them witches to weaken their power. Independent of guilt, women who were accused of witchcraft could not possibly recovered. If they claimed their innocence, they would be stoned or burned to dea th because the counsel would decide that they were not being truthful. If they admitted to their guilt, their place in society would be marred and they would be embarrassed for partaking in these evil acts. Through this violence, men have been able to maintain their place in Puritan society. In her book, Karlsen aims to provide the reader new insight into the witch trials, demonstrating the societal, rather than religious causes for this well-known historic tragedy. KarlsenShow MoreRelatedThe Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Essay examples641 Words   |  3 PagesThe Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Carol Karlsen was born in 1940. She is currently a professor in the history department a the University of Michigan. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D, 1980), she has taught history and women’s study courses at Union College and Bard College. In this book Carol Karlsen reveals the social construction of witchcraft in 17th century New England, and brings forth the portrait of gender in the New England Society. The books thesis is based onRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Devil On The Shape Of A Woman By Carol Karlsen Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesConversely, Carol Karlsen who was a Professor of History and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan had a different take on the trials. Karlsen wrote The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England in 1987, a book examining the role of women in the Salem Witch Trials. Karlsen was â€Å"concerned with the meaning of witchcraft for New England’s first settlers†¦ and why most witches in early American society were women.† Karlsen obviously felt that there was a disparity ofRead More Salem Witchcraft Essay2617 Words   |  11 Pagesdecided to condemn the people around them as witches and why they did what they did to one another. Carol Karlsen in her book The Devil in the Shape of a Woman and Bernard Rosenthal in Salem Story give several factors, ranging from woman hunting to shear malice, that help explain why the Salem trials took place and why they reached the magnitude that they did. The theories put fourth by Karlsen of a society that accusations against women as witches explain the trail, and Rosenthals ideas of discourseRead MoreWitchcraft Hysteria By Laurie Winn Carlson1307 Words   |  6 PagesAs Peter S Beagle says, â€Å"You ever want to see real witchcraft, you watch people protecting their comfort, their beliefs.† This quote is saying if you want to truly understand someone, learn about what they believe in. It all began in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The accusations toward people who were thought to be witches was on the rise. These would not be the kind of witches a person would think about in today s world, but women and men who were put on trial for witchcraft hysteria, which inRead MoreThe Hysteria of Salem Witchcraft Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican colonies alone there were over 100 witchcraft trials alone, were 40 percent of the accused were executed. Now two professors, Carol F. Karlsen of history and Kai T. Erikson of sociology, examine the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria to see if it was caused by a fear of women and give two entirely different interpretations. The first professor, Carol F. Karlsen, agreed that the Salem Witchcraft Hysteria was caused by a fear of women. She agrees that the belief in the Puritian culture, that Read MoreEssay about Gender Politics in the US Criminal Justice System1736 Words   |  7 Pagesof who was designated a witch was gender, in fact eighty percent of all those killed were women. Of those women, females who were spinsters or widows, rather than wives or mothers were represented disproportionately among the witches. In the 1800s, imprisoned women suffered the same terrible conditions as their male counterparts, yet they were not allowed to go to workshops, mess halls, or exercise yards , but rather were brought needlework and food and forced to remain in their cells. In theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials1297 Words   |  6 Pagesalongside her working the devil against the Puritans. As chaos spread through Salem and the rest of Massachusetts, a large number of others were accused (about 200 plus people were accused), including Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse– who were highly respected members of the church and community–and the four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good. After Tituba’s alleged confession, many others of the accused witches had â€Å"confessed† to performing acts of witchcraft and to â€Å"signing the devil s book.† The trials againstRead MoreAnalysis of the Salem Witch Trials2099 Words   |  8 PagesPuritans that comprised the colony of Salem, Massachusetts, were extremely religious, attributing biblical meaning to all aspects of their lives and being accustomed to personify the devil (Kocić, 2010). Specifically, church elders strongly believed that their congregation was superlatively righteous and for this reason the devil would try to target it with attacks in all forms , hence it was impressed upon the community to be vigilant against any signs of his presence. Such signs were subject to interpretationRead MoreNineteenth Century Americ A Bleak Portrayal Of The Sociopolitical Scene3092 Words   |  13 Pagesconsidered sexless, the impression of the woman as the devil’s tool was inevitable. Women were expected to seek purification through the church, which was almost shielded by men. The result of sin was severe punishment, which often involved execution. Karlsen suggests that the execution of many women aged forty and above was connected to the notion that these women did not fit the ideal puritan society because they could not be groomed into obedient wives to their men (07). As a result, majority of theRead MoreIn Depth Research of Witchcraft Essay3980 Words   |  16 Pageswitchcraft, Meghan Lewis and Carol Karlsen. Witchcraft the religion is quite old. Practices have said to be dated back to Neolithic Stone Age cave painting, but it is hard to be completely certain if the pictures have been interpreted properly. Witchcraft is known to have grown out of pre-Christian pagan beliefs. The beliefs have developed over the years, being taken from various sources. The idea of witchcraft took a major turn around the end of the mid-evil period. Around the 1500s the religion of witchcraft

Hagia Sophia Free Essays

In chapter twelve the remarkable church known as The Hagia Sophia was discussed briefly and I find it fascinating. I first learned about the Hagia Sophia in my art history class in high school. I have always been interested in the fact that it started as a basilica, was then a mosque and is now a museum that functions as both a mosque and a cathedral. We will write a custom essay sample on Hagia Sophia or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think that this amazing structure is proof that different religions can coexist and come together to create things that we all can cherish. Hagia Sophia is in Istanbul, turkey which was part of the Byzantine Empire until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.It was originally built under the rule of Justinian to function as a church in 532 A. D. Justinian had material brought over from all over his empire. Large stones were brought from far-away quarries: porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosporus region and yellow stone from Syria (â€Å"The Annotated Mona Lisa†). More than ten thousand people were employed during this construction. This new church was immediately recognized as a major work of architecture, showcasing the creative insights of the architects. Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.The church’s decorated interior of mosaics and marble pillars and coverings is massive and takes ones breath away. The dome seems weightless as if held up by the unbroken row of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colorful interior with light. All interior surfaces are covered over with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry and gold mosaics, encrusted upon the brick. This covering hid the large pillars, giving them a brighter look. In 1453, the ottoman turks took over and the Sultan Mehmed II ordered the building to be converted into a mosque.The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the original beautiful mosaics that Justinian put in were plastered over. The Islamic features — such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside — were added over the course of the Ottomans rule. It was used as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the Republic of Turkey. For almost 500 years the Hagia Sophia served as a model for many of the Ottoman mosques such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, the Sehzade Mosque, the Suleymaniye Mosque, and the Rustem Pasha Mosque. However the Hagia Sophia is still the most awe inspiring.I believe that if the ottomans had never converted the church or if the church hadn’t been built under Justinian we wouldn’t have the beautiful mix of architectural aspects that we have today. The fact that the church contains the beautiful gold inlayed mosaics of Justinian, the depictions of Christ, and the large medallions with the names of Muhammad and Islam’s first caliphs and that they all coexist beautifully is a perfect example of the harmony between the religions. People from all over the world from all backgrounds come to worship or just visit the beautiful structure. How to cite Hagia Sophia, Papers